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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
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Cervical Deformity Arising From Upper Thoracic Malalignment.

Ibrahim Obeid1, Louis Boissiere1, Anouar Bourghli2

  • 1Clinique du Dos, Elsan Jean Villar Private Hospital, Bordeaux, France.

Neurospine
|October 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details surgical management for cervical spine deformity caused by upper thoracic issues. Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) in the thoracic spine effectively corrects compensatory cervical alignment.

Keywords:
Cervical deformityDominoPedicle subtraction osteotomyThreecolumn osteotomyUpper thoracic spine

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Spinal Deformity Correction
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Cervical spine deformity can originate within the cervical spine or as a compensatory mechanism for adjacent thoracic malalignment.
  • Treating compensatory cervical deformity requires addressing the primary issue in the upper thoracic spine.
  • Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is a surgical technique used for spinal deformity correction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the surgical management of cervical deformity secondary to upper thoracic malalignment.
  • To illustrate the technique of performing pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) in the upper thoracic spine for this specific condition.
  • To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of this approach.

Main Methods:

  • A single-surgeon case series describing the technique for upper thoracic pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO).
  • Focus on surgical steps and anatomical considerations for PSO in the upper thoracic region.
  • Assessment of pre- and post-operative clinical and radiological parameters.

Main Results:

  • Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) in the upper thoracic spine is presented as a safe and effective procedure.
  • The technique allows for indirect correction of compensatory cervical deformities.
  • Satisfying clinical and radiological outcomes were achieved through this approach.

Conclusions:

  • Cervical deformity stemming from upper thoracic malalignment should be treated by addressing the primary thoracic issue.
  • Upper thoracic pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is a viable surgical option for correcting these deformities.
  • This approach offers a solution by treating the origin of the compensatory cervical deformity.