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Related Concept Videos

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
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Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
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Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...
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Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers01:19

Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers

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Leukotriene modifiers, or cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists, are medications used to manage chronic asthma. These agents target specific inflammatory mediators produced during arachidonic acid metabolism, an essential process in generating inflammation in the body.
Leukotriene modifiers work through two distinct mechanisms:
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Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

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Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...
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Antiasthma Drugs: β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists

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Bronchodilators are critical in managing asthma, a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway constriction due to inflammation and hyper-reactivity. Specifically, bronchodilators ease this constriction by relaxing the bronchial muscles, facilitating easier breathing.
One class of bronchodilators includes β2-adrenoceptor agonists. These agents target the β2-adrenoceptors located on bronchial smooth muscle cells. By stimulating these receptors, β2-agonists induce...
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Spontaneous Recurrent CSF Rhinorrhoea: A Rare Case and Review of Literature.

Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India·2017
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Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
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Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

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ACE2 expression in allergic airway disease may decrease the risk and severity of COVID-19.

Sunita Chhapola Shukla1

  • 1Mumbai Port Trust Hospital, Mumbai, India. drsunita7ent@yahoo.co.in.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|October 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Allergic airway diseases do not increase COVID-19 risk or severity due to reduced ACE2 expression. Continue asthma treatments like inhaled corticosteroids, as they may lower coronavirus infection risks.

Keywords:
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT)Allergic rhinitisAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)AsthmaCOVID-19Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)SARS-CoV-2Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)

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Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies
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Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

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Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies
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Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Allergy Immunology

Background:

  • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents respiratory symptoms, potentially severe.
  • Asthma, COPD, and allergies were initially considered COVID-19 risk factors.
  • Emerging evidence suggests airway allergic diseases are not high-risk for COVID-19 severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the risk and severity of COVID-19 in patients with airway allergic diseases.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms, specifically ACE2 expression, in allergic airways.
  • To provide guidance on managing asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on COVID-19 and allergic airway diseases.
  • Analysis of findings related to Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene expression.
  • Review of current asthma treatment guidelines and their implications for COVID-19.

Main Results:

  • Recent literature indicates airway allergic diseases are not associated with increased COVID-19 risk or severity.
  • A decrease in ACE2 gene expression in nasal and bronchial cells of allergic airway disease patients may explain this finding.
  • Conventional asthma treatments (ICS, AIT, biologics) should be maintained.

Conclusions:

  • Airway allergic diseases do not appear to be a significant risk factor for severe COVID-19.
  • Reduced ACE2 expression in allergic airways might confer protection against SARS-CoV-2.
  • Continued asthma management is crucial for protecting asthmatics from COVID-19 complications.