RIVA: a new proposed method for assessing intrinsic groundwater vulnerability

A novel index-based method (RIVA) for the assessment of intrinsic groundwater vulnerability is proposed, based on the successful concept of the European approach (Zwahlen 2003) and by incorporating additional elements that provide more realistic and representative results. Its concept includes four main factors: accounting for the recharge to the system (R), the infiltration conditions (I), the protection offered by the vadose zone (V), and the aquifer characteristics (A). Several sub-factors and parameters are involved in calculation of the final intrinsic vulnerability index. However, even though RIVA is a comprehensive method that produces reliable results, it is not data intensive, does not require advanced skills in data preparation and processing, and may safely be applied regardless of aquifer type, prevalent porosity, geometric and geo-tectonic setup, and site-specific conditions. Its development has incorporated careful consideration of all key existing groundwater vulnerability methods and their critical aspects (factors, parameters, rating, etc.). It has studied and endorsed their virtues while avoiding or modifying factors and approaches that are either difficult to quantify, ambiguous to assess, or non-uniformly applicable to every hydrogeological setup. RIVA has been successfully demonstrated in the intensively cultivated area of Kopaida plain, Central Greece, which is characterized by a complex and heterogeneous geological background. Its validation was performed by a joint compilation of ground-truth monitoring-based data, in-depth knowledge of the geological structure, hydrogeological setup, regional hydrodynamic evolution mechanisms, and also by the dominant driving pressures. Results of the performed validation clearly demonstrated the validity of the proposed methodology to capture the spatially distributed zones of different vulnerability classes accurately and reliably, as these are shaped by the considered factors. RIVA method proved that it may be safely considered to be a fair trade-off between succeeded accuracy, and data intensity and investment to reach highly accurate results. As such, it is envisaged to become an efficient method of performing reliable groundwater vulnerability assessments of complex environments when neither resources occur nor time to generate intensive data is available, and ultimately be valorized for further risk assessment and decision-making processes related to groundwater resource management.