A Review on Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Drug Classes, Clinical Management, and Recent...

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Pharmacology
• Toxicology

Background:

• Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a common adverse effect across various drug classes.
• It presents diverse manifestations and challenges in management due to coexisting conditions.
• Early detection and intervention are critical for potential reversibility.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the pathophysiological mechanisms of drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
• To summarize nephrotoxic drug classes, clinical management, prevention, and diagnosis.
• To highlight the role of mathematical modeling and simulation (M&S) in predicting nephrotoxicity.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
• Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management strategies.
• Exploration of novel biomarkers and M&S approaches.

Main Results:

• Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a significant clinical challenge with limited treatment options.
• Early diagnosis and prompt management are essential for reversing renal toxicity.
• Novel biomarkers show promise but have limitations; M&S offers predictive potential.

Conclusions:

• Effective management of drug-induced nephrotoxicity requires understanding risk factors, early diagnosis, and therapeutic drug monitoring.
• Advancements in biomarkers and M&S are crucial for better prediction and prevention.
• Proactive strategies are essential to mitigate the clinical impact of nephrotoxic drugs.