Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Electronegativity

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.

The Nernst Equation

The Nernst Equation

Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.

Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:

Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...

Standard Electrode Potentials

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Donor-Acceptor Strength from the Real-Space-Partitioning of One Particle Transition Density Matrix.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026

Same author

A one-electron perspective on dative and ionic bonding.

Chemical science·2026

Same author

Collective Interactions in Ion Pairs.

Journal of computational chemistry·2026

Same author

On the impact of nuclear quantum effects on quantum chemical topology.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026

Same author

Chemical Information From the Ehrenfest Force Field Based on Reduced Density Matrix Functional Theory.

Journal of computational chemistry·2026

Same author

Assessment of Energy Effects Determining <i>cis</i>-<i>trans</i> Proline Isomerization in Dipeptides.

ACS physical chemistry Au·2026

Same journal

Localization and delocalization of defect states in 2D polyaramid with carbon and nitrogen vacancies.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

Same journal

The impact of macrocyclization: electronic structures and excited state dynamics of pillar[4]arene[1]quinone.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

Same journal

Tuning the transport properties of penta-graphene nanoribbons.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

Same journal

High-throughput screening of M-based layered compounds as solid-state electrolytes for chloride-ion batteries.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

Same journal

Lower bound of the capacitance of constant phase elements based on electrochemical impedance spectra.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

Same journal

Stability constants of lanthanide-nitrate complexes in aqueous solutions: a theoretical study.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Electronegativity equalization: taming an old problem with new tools.

J Luis Casals-Sainz¹, E Francisco¹, A Martín Pendás¹

¹Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain. ampendas@uniovi.es.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP

|October 7, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study models atoms as open quantum systems with fluctuating electron numbers, simplifying electronegativity equalization. Electron distribution functions unify various interpretations into a single framework.

More Related Videos

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Quantum Chemistry
Theoretical Chemistry

Background:

Electronegativity equalization is a fundamental concept in chemistry.
Understanding atoms within molecules as open quantum systems is an emerging area.
Traditional models often treat electron numbers as fixed.

Purpose of the Study:

To re-examine electronegativity equalization.
To model atoms in molecules as open quantum systems with variable electron numbers.
To develop a unified formalism for interpreting results.

Main Methods:

Treating atoms in molecules as open quantum systems.
Utilizing charge-constrained electronic structure calculations to set average electron numbers.
Employing electron distribution functions for modeling.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that fluctuating electron numbers can be effectively modeled.
Showcased the utility of electron distribution functions in toy systems.
Revealed convergence of conflicting interpretations into a common formalism.

Conclusions:

A novel approach to electronegativity equalization using open quantum systems is presented.
Electron distribution functions provide a powerful tool for unifying theoretical interpretations.
This work offers a more comprehensive understanding of atomic interactions in molecules.