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Chambers of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

Coronary Circulation

Coronary Circulation

The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...

Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization

Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization

Right Heart Catheterization: An OverviewRight heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure that measures right-sided cardiac and pulmonary artery pressures, calculates cardiac output, and identifies intracardiac shunts. It provides detailed hemodynamic data essential for diagnosing and managing various cardiovascular conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension.Access SitesCommon access sites for right heart catheterization include the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Donor Posterior Atrial Flap Rotation for Left Atrial Cuff Reconstruction in Lung Transplantation

Donor Posterior Atrial Flap Rotation for Left Atrial Cuff Reconstruction in Lung Transplantation

Published on: October 11, 2024

Double outlet right atrium-A "bridge" across the bridging leaflets.

Eapen Thomas¹, Sunny Zacharias², Pranav Subbaraya Kandachar²

¹Department of Pediatric Cardiology, National Heart Center, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.

Journal of Cardiac Surgery

|October 8, 2020

Summary

Double outlet right atrium (DORA) can arise from abnormal atrial septum alignment during development. This case details a unique DORA variant with a right atrium to left ventricle communication, surgically managed with preserved function.

Keywords:

congenital heart disease double orifice mitral valve double outlet right atrium

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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Published on: February 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Developmental Biology
Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

Abnormal alignment of the inter-atrial septum (IAS) and inter-ventricular septum (IVS) during cardiac embryogenesis leads to various atrioventricular (AV) connections.
These anomalies range from double outlet left atrium (DOLA) to double outlet right atrium (DORA).

Observation:

This report describes a rare case of DORA resulting from partial override of the IAS across the cleft of the left AV valve's bridging leaflets.
The condition created an unusual double orifice left AV valve and a right atrium (RA) to left ventricle (LV) communication.

Findings:

Surgical management successfully preserved the valve orifice, leading to an unusual double orifice left AV valve.
The mal-aligned IAS created a unique right-to-left shunt, potentially causing cyanosis depending on shunt size and ventricular compliance.

Implications:

This case expands the spectrum of DORA, presenting a novel mechanism of RA to LV communication via a mal-aligned atrial septum acting as a 'bridge'.
Understanding this variant is crucial for diagnosing and managing congenital heart defects, particularly those involving AV valve abnormalities and septal defects.