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Related Concept Videos

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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Liquid-liquid transition and polyamorphism.

Hajime Tanaka1

  • 1Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single substances can exhibit multiple liquid states (liquid polymorphism) and amorphous states (polyamorphism), with transitions between them. This review explores recent evidence and theoretical underpinnings of these phenomena.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Single-component substances can exist in multiple distinct liquid states, a phenomenon termed liquid polymorphism.
  • Transitions between these liquid states are known as liquid-liquid transitions (LLT).
  • Similarly, polyamorphism describes the existence of multiple amorphous states, with transitions called amorphous-amorphous transitions (AAT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent experimental and numerical evidence for liquid-liquid transitions (LLT) and amorphous-amorphous transitions (AAT).
  • To provide a physical rationale for the existence of multiple liquid or glassy states in single-component substances.
  • To discuss the interrelations between liquid, amorphous, and crystal polymorphism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent experimental findings.
  • Analysis of numerical simulation data.
  • Theoretical discussion on thermodynamics, mechanics, and kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Accumulation of significant experimental and numerical evidence supporting LLT and AAT.
  • Identification of key factors governing the existence of multiple liquid/glass states.
  • Exploration of the interplay between different forms of polymorphism.

Conclusions:

  • LLT and AAT are crucial for understanding the fundamental nature of liquid and amorphous states.
  • Thermodynamics, mechanics, and kinetics play significant roles in these polymorphic transitions.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex behaviors of single-component systems.