[Therapeutic vaccination for tumors and neurodegenerative diseases]

Therapeutic vaccines are intended for the treatment of established diseases by harnessing the patient's own immune system. In this article we discuss therapeutic areas that are of relevance for therapeutic vaccination, i.e., oncology and neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical and regulatory aspects related to the manufacture and clinical use of actively personalized cancer vaccines are thoroughly reviewed. This applies to the regulatory classification of genomic sequencing approaches to identify tumor-specific mutations, combination therapies with checkpoint inhibitors, clinical study designs, and the use of suitable adjuvants and drug substances. Huge amounts of data (big data) are increasingly being generated in the area of personalized therapies; we briefly address the impact and usability of big data in regulatory procedures.