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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

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Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Directed Differentiation of Hemogenic Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Regulation of Hemogenic Endothelial Cell Development and Function.

Yinyu Wu1, Karen K Hirschi1,2

  • 1Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA;

Annual Review of Physiology
|October 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic hematopoiesis generates essential blood stem cells from specific vascular cells. Understanding this hemogenic endothelial development is key for generating stem cells in vitro for clinical use.

Keywords:
EHTHSPCdefinitive hematopoiesisendothelial cell specificationendothelial-to-hematopoietic transitionhematopoietic stem and progenitor cellhemogenic endothelial cell

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Direct Induction of Hemogenic Endothelium and Blood by Overexpression of Transcription Factors in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Hematology
  • Stem cell biology

Background:

  • Embryonic hematopoiesis is crucial for establishing the adult blood system.
  • This process involves vascular endothelial cells becoming blood-forming (hemogenic) and transitioning to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs).
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for in vitro generation of HSPCs from human pluripotent stem cells for clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review hemogenic endothelial cell development.
  • To highlight molecular events in hemogenic specification and HSPC generation.
  • To discuss the impact of hemogenic endothelial development on adult hematopoiesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hemogenic endothelial cell development.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms regulating endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition.
  • Discussion of implications for in vitro HSPC generation and adult hematopoiesis.

Main Results:

  • Hemogenic endothelial cells are specified from a subset of vascular endothelial cells.
  • Molecular events govern the transition of hemogenic endothelium to multilineage HSPCs.
  • Hemogenic endothelial development significantly impacts adult hematopoiesis.

Conclusions:

  • Hemogenic endothelial cell development is a critical process for generating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can advance the clinical application of in vitro-derived HSPCs.
  • Understanding hemogenic endothelium provides insights into both embryonic development and adult blood system maintenance.