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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals
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A new perspective on imaging of olfactory dysfunction: Does size matter?

Duzgun Yildirim1, Aytug Altundag2, Deniz Esin Tekcan Sanli3

  • 1Acibadem University, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Imaging, Istanbul, Turkey.

European Journal of Radiology
|October 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Imaging of the olfactory nerve and bulb can help diagnose causes of smell loss. Morphological and volumetric MRI findings aid in classifying olfactory dysfunction etiologies.

Keywords:
Magnetic resonance imagingMorphologyOlfactory bulbOlfactory nerveVolume

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction has multiple etiologies, including post-viral, post-traumatic, idiopathic, and obstructive.
  • Accurate classification of these etiologies is crucial for effective management.
  • Current diagnostic methods may not always differentiate these causes definitively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of olfactory nerve and bulb morphology and volumetric analysis in classifying olfactory dysfunction.
  • To correlate imaging findings with specific etiologies of smell loss.

Main Methods:

  • 106 patients with olfactory loss and 17 controls underwent paranasal sinus CT and dedicated olfactory nerve MRI.
  • Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth were measured.
  • Olfactory bulb morphology (contour, lobulations, T2-signal intensity) and olfactory nerve characteristics (uniformity, clumping) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Decreased olfactory bulb volume was observed in idiopathic and obstructive groups compared to controls.
  • Shallower olfactory sulci were found in all patient groups versus controls.
  • Distinct patterns were noted: post-viral (lobulated bulbs, clumped nerves), idiopathic (rectangular bulbs, thin nerves).
  • Obstructive and post-traumatic groups showed less specific patterns but had helpful associated findings like olfactory cleft patency and siderotic changes.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory bulb and nerve morphology, alongside volumetric data and olfactory cleft patency, can aid in diagnosing the etiology of olfactory dysfunction.
  • Imaging findings provide valuable clues for differentiating causes of smell loss.