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Avoidable mortality by implementing more restrictive fine particles standards in Brazil: An estimation using

Willian Lemker Andreão1, Taciana Toledo de Almeida Albuquerque1

  • 1Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-010, Brazil.

Environmental Research
|October 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stricter air quality policies in Brazil could prevent thousands of deaths annually. Reducing fine particle (PM2.5) exposure to 10 μg/m³ could avoid over 48,000 deaths from all causes, cardiopulmonary issues, and lung cancer.

Keywords:
Air quality standardsBrazilFine particlesMortalitySatellite data

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • Long-term exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) is linked to increased mortality.
  • Epidemiological studies increasingly affirm this association across diverse causes of death.
  • Air quality in Brazil has been a subject of policy development and evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of PM2.5 on avoidable mortality in Brazilian cities.
  • To assess the benefits of improving air quality policies by comparing different PM2.5 concentration scenarios.
  • To analyze mortality data for all causes, cardiopulmonary diseases, and lung cancer between 2014 and 2018.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized satellite-derived annual surface PM2.5 concentrations, validated against monitoring data.
  • Compared baseline PM2.5 levels with scenarios based on Brazilian air quality legislation (CONAMA 491/2018).
  • Correlated PM2.5 concentrations with city-level population, vehicle fleet, fires, urban area, GDP per capita, HDI, and life expectancy.

Main Results:

  • Satellite PM2.5 data showed a slight underestimation compared to monitoring (-2.7 μg/m³ mean bias).
  • In 2016, 23% of cities exceeded the 10 μg/m³ annual mean PM2.5 guideline.
  • Adhering to a 10 μg/m³ standard could have avoided an estimated 48,700 deaths (all causes), 24,100 (cardiopulmonary), and 1,780 (lung cancer) between 2014-2018.

Conclusions:

  • More restrictive air quality standards in Brazil are crucial for public health.
  • Current standards may not adequately protect against PM2.5-related mortality.
  • Enhanced emission control, monitoring, and modeling are essential for effective air quality management and achieving lower PM2.5 standards.