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Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Modeling Brain Metastasis by Internal Carotid Artery Injection of Cancer Cells
Published on: August 2, 2022
Philip J O'Halloran1, Enrique Gutierrez2, Aristotle Kalyvas1
1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Brain metastases (BM) are increasing, necessitating multidisciplinary care. Modern treatments include targeted therapies, immunotherapy, focal radiotherapy, and surgery for improved patient outcomes.
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