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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
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Toxin-Induced Subacute Encephalopathy.

David P Lerner1, Aleksey Tadevosyan2, Joseph D Burns1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.

Neurologic Clinics
|October 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subacute toxic encephalopathies are difficult to diagnose but crucial to identify. Prompt recognition and treatment of these conditions caused by toxins and medications can prevent severe, irreversible brain damage.

Keywords:
AntibioticsAntidepressantsAntineoplastic drugsAntipsychoticInorganic toxinsLeukoencephalopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Subacute toxic encephalopathies present diagnostic challenges due to subtle onset and non-specific symptoms.
  • Despite rarity as individual conditions, toxic encephalopathies collectively represent a common cause of severe, irreversible neurological damage.
  • Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to mitigate adverse outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinically relevant aspects of important subacute toxic encephalopathy syndromes.
  • To highlight syndromes caused by inorganic toxins, carbon monoxide, antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, and psychiatric medications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinically relevant aspects of subacute toxic encephalopathies.
  • Focus on syndromes caused by specific classes of toxins and medications.

Main Results:

  • Subacute toxic encephalopathies are often insidious and non-specific, complicating diagnosis.
  • Inorganic toxins, carbon monoxide, antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, and psychiatric medications are significant causes.
  • Early identification and intervention are critical for preventing irreversible harm.

Conclusions:

  • Subacute toxic encephalopathies are a significant clinical problem requiring prompt recognition.
  • A broad differential diagnosis including toxic exposures is necessary for effective management.
  • Understanding these syndromes aids in preventing severe neurological sequors.