Preclinical Development: Overview
Vaccinations
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Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative
Published on: August 21, 2021
Arnoud Akkermans1, Jean-Michel Chapsal2, Eliana M Coccia3
1National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands.
The global vaccine community must advance alternative testing methods to improve animal welfare and ensure timely access to high-quality vaccines. Harmonizing regulatory requirements is key for implementing these crucial changes, especially in low and middle-income countries.
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