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SARS-CoV2 in Different Body Fluids, Risks of Transmission, and Preventing COVID-19: A Comprehensive Evidence-Based
Gurusaravanan Kutti-Sridharan1, Rathnamitreyee Vegunta2, Radhakrishna Vegunta3
1Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Abstract:
The world is combating a common and invisible enemy severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), a highly transmissible virus responsible for serious respiratory illness coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). As with all respiratory viruses, public health measures are focused on contact tracing, isolation, and treatment of affected individuals, who have respiratory symptoms. However, it is spreading efficiently, and it can be explained from its stealth transmission from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Droplet and contact precautions are followed universally. Healthcare workers are at higher risk of acquiring infection and they are additionally required to follow airborne and eye protection. Recent studies indicate viral particles can be isolated from many body fluids including feces, saliva, semen, and tears, suggesting transmission could be possibly occurring through some of these routes as well. We have done an evidence-based review of all potential modes of transmission and discussed preventive measures to stop the spread. There is an urgent need for educating the healthcare professionals, governments, and public regarding other potential modes of transmission. Strict preventive measures need to be used to stop the spread.
Insights
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the virus causing COVID-19, spreads through presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. This review examines all transmission routes and prevention strategies to curb its spread.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a global health crisis.
- The virus's efficient spread is partly due to transmission from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.
- Standard precautions include droplet and contact measures, with airborne and eye protection for healthcare workers.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct an evidence-based review of all potential transmission routes of SARS-CoV2.
- To discuss comprehensive preventive measures against the spread of COVID-19.
- To highlight the need for increased awareness among healthcare professionals, governments, and the public.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing studies on SARS-CoV2 transmission.
- Analysis of viral presence in various body fluids.
- Synthesis of data on transmission dynamics and prevention strategies.
Main Results:
- SARS-CoV2 transmission occurs efficiently, including from individuals without symptoms.
- Viral particles have been detected in diverse bodily fluids such as feces, saliva, semen, and tears.
- This suggests potential for transmission through routes beyond respiratory droplets.
Conclusions:
- Universal precautions are essential, but awareness of all transmission routes is critical.
- Enhanced education on potential transmission pathways is urgently needed for all stakeholders.
- Strict adherence to comprehensive preventive measures is vital to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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