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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations01:30

Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

117
Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
117
Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures

500
Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

236
The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
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Gender Differences in Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease.

Maria Bergami1, Marialuisa Scarpone1, Edina Cenko1

  • 1Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|October 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Ischemic heart disease with non-obstructive coronary arteries affects women more often than men. This review updates knowledge on gender differences in diagnosis, management, and prognosis for this condition.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Ischemic heart disease with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) is increasingly recognized.
  • Women are diagnosed with INOCA more frequently than men in both stable and acute settings.
  • INOCA, particularly infarction, carries a more significant prognosis than previously assumed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of current evidence on INOCA.
  • To highlight gender differences in clinical characteristics, management, and prognosis.
  • To address remaining questions in diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of INOCA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on INOCA.
  • Analysis of gender-specific data in acute and stable clinical settings.
  • Synthesis of current evidence regarding diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Female patients exhibit higher prevalence of INOCA compared to males.
  • Prognosis for INOCA, especially myocardial infarction, is not benign.
  • Significant gaps persist in understanding diagnosis, risk stratification, and optimal treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to clarify gender-specific aspects of INOCA.
  • Improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are required for effective management.
  • Addressing knowledge gaps is crucial for improving patient outcomes in INOCA.