Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Storage

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...

Autobiographical Memory

Autobiographical Memory

Autobiographical memory is a unique type of episodic memory that involves recollecting personal life experiences. It allows individuals to remember significant events from their past, creating a narrative of their lives. One interesting phenomenon related to autobiographical memory is the reminiscence bump. This effect refers to the tendency of adults to recall more events from their second and third decades of life — typically between ages 10 to 30 — than from other periods. This...

Working Memory

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...

Integration of Synaptic Events

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...

Implicit Memories

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A double dissociation between semantic and spatial cognition in visual to default network pathways.

eLife·2025

Same author

An ERP study on multiplication and its relationship to phonological processing in children and adults.

Psychological research·2024

Same author

The holistic forgetting of events and the (sometimes) fragmented forgetting of objects.

Cognition·2024

Same author

An Enduring Role for Hippocampal Pattern Completion in Addition to an Emergent Nonhippocampal Contribution to Holistic Episodic Retrieval after a 24 h Delay.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2024

Same author

Theta and alpha oscillations in human hippocampus and medial parietal cortex support the formation of location-based representations.

Hippocampus·2024

Same author

Reliability of the serial reaction time task: If at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Make or break it: boundary conditions for integrating multiple elements in episodic memory.

Emma James¹, Gabrielle Ong¹, Lisa M Henderson^1,2

¹Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK.

Royal Society Open Science

|October 13, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Holistic event memory retrieval is difficult for separately encoded elements in children. Written word presentation, not spoken words or pictures, best supports memory integration across trials.

Keywords:

episodic memory memory memory integration

More Related Videos

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Published on: May 11, 2020

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Published on: May 11, 2020

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Memory Research

Background:

Event memories involve holistic retrieval of constituent elements.
Associative memory structures can form from pairwise associations across contexts.
Previous research indicated no difference in holistic retrieval between simultaneous and separate encoding.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate holistic retrieval of separately encoded event elements in children.
Explore conditions influencing holistic retrieval following separated encoding.
Examine the impact of trial length, number of events, and stimulus format on memory integration.

Main Methods:

Adapted a paradigm for children to test holistic retrieval (Experiment 1).
Conducted five online experiments varying trial length, number of events, and stimulus presentation (written words, spoken words, pictures).
Analyzed memory integration based on pairwise associations across separated encoding contexts.

Main Results:

Children did not show holistic retrieval from separately encoded event elements.
Written word presentation facilitated element integration across encoding trials.
Spoken words and picture stimuli resulted in disrupted integration and smaller effect sizes compared to previous studies.

Conclusions:

Holistic retrieval from separated event elements is challenging, particularly for children.
Stimulus presentation format significantly impacts memory integration processes.
Findings offer practical insights for memory research and educational contexts.