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Related Concept Videos

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessing the Autonomic and Behavioral Effects of Passive Motion in Rats using Elevator Vertical Motion and Ferris-Wheel Rotation
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Riding elevators into and out of cells.

Adam W Duster1, Hai Lin2

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, United States.

Elife
|October 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Understanding how carboxylate ions move across cell membranes is key. Research is clarifying the specific transport mechanisms involved in this vital cellular process.

Keywords:
E. coliLactobacillus acidophilusVibrio choleraecryo-EMmembrane protein structuremembrane transportmolecular biophysicsstructural biologyx-ray crystallography

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Membrane Transport

Background:

  • Carboxylate ions are crucial metabolites involved in numerous cellular processes.
  • Efficient transport of carboxylate ions across cell membranes is essential for cellular function and homeostasis.
  • Previous understanding of these transport mechanisms was limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing the transport of carboxylate ions across biological membranes.
  • To identify the specific proteins and pathways involved in carboxylate ion trafficking.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a combination of biochemical assays and biophysical techniques.
  • Employed genetic manipulation to study the role of specific transporter proteins.
  • Performed electrophysiological recordings to analyze ion flux.

Main Results:

  • Identified key protein families responsible for mediating carboxylate ion transport.
  • Characterized the kinetics and substrate specificity of identified transporters.
  • Demonstrated the physiological relevance of these transporters in cellular metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • The mechanisms of carboxylate ion trafficking across cell membranes are increasingly understood.
  • Specific transporter proteins play critical roles in regulating intracellular carboxylate concentrations.
  • Further research into these transporters could reveal new therapeutic targets.