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Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
Published on: December 6, 2024
Offensive Behavior, Striatal Glutamate Metabolites, and Limbic-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress in
Enrico Ullmann1,2,3, George Chrousos3,4, Seth W Perry5
1Department of Pediatric Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
Abstract:
Variations in anxiety-related behavior are associated with individual allostatic set-points in chronically stressed rats. Actively offensive rats with the externalizing indicators of sniffling and climbing the stimulus and material tearing during 10 days of predator scent stress had reduced plasma corticosterone, increased striatal glutamate metabolites, and increased adrenal 11-dehydrocorticosterone content compared to passively defensive rats with the internalizing indicators of freezing and grooming, as well as to controls without any behavioral changes. These findings suggest that rats that display active offensive activity in response to stress develop anxiety associated with decreased allostatic set-points and increased resistance to stress.
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