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Multicomponent Stress-Sensing Composites Fabricated by 3D-Printing Methodologies.

Harald Rupp1, Wolfgang H Binder1

  • 1Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle, D-06120, Germany.

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Summary

Researchers developed 3D-printed stress-sensing composites using dual printing. Low-molecular weight mechanophores showed the best printability, enabling a mechanochemical response after printing.

Keywords:
3D-printingCu-N-heterocylic-carbene-complexesfluorogenic click-chemistrymechanophoressynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Mechanoresponsive materials can detect and signal mechanical stress.
  • 3D printing offers precise fabrication of complex composite structures.
  • Copper(I)-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (click chemistry) is a versatile reaction for material functionalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare and characterize mechanoresponsive, 3D-printed composites.
  • To investigate the printability and postprinting activity of latent mechanophores.
  • To demonstrate stress-induced fluorescence in bulk polymeric materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dual-printing setup combining liquid dispensing and fused-deposition modeling (FDM).
  • Incorporated high- and low-molecular weight mechanophores (poly(ε-caprolactone)-, polyurethane-, alkyl(C11)-based latent copper(I)bis(N-heterocyclic carbenes)).
  • Activated mechanophores via compression to trigger a fluorogenic click-reaction.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated multicomponent specimens with spatially separated azide and alkyne components.
  • Low-molecular weight mechanophores (alkyl-C11) exhibited superior printability.
  • Demonstrated postprinting mechanochemical response and fluorescence activation.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a novel method for 3D printing mechanoresponsive composites.
  • Identified low-molecular weight mechanophores as promising candidates for printable stress-sensing materials.
  • Highlighted the potential of this approach for creating advanced functional materials.