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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair
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Published on: August 8, 2025

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Variations in Subscapularis Muscle Innervation-A Report on Case Series.

Martin Siwetz1, Niels Hammer1,2,3, Benjamin Ondruschka4

  • 1Department of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|October 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Accessory subscapular nerves, particularly the upper variant, are common, occurring in 9.7% of dissections. Awareness of these anatomical variations is crucial for surgical and clinical procedures involving the brachial plexus.

Keywords:
anatomical variationlower subscapular nervemuscle innervationsubscapularisupper subscapular nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The subscapularis muscle typically receives innervation from the upper and lower subscapular nerves, originating from the brachial plexus.
  • Previous literature indicates significant variability in the innervation patterns of the subscapularis muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frequency and characteristics of accessory subscapular nerves.
  • To assess the anatomical variations in subscapular nerve branching.

Main Methods:

  • Cadaveric dissection of 31 specimens.
  • Assessment of accessory subscapular nerve frequency.
  • Measurement of nerve insertion distances to the myotendinous junction.

Main Results:

  • Accessory subscapular nerves were identified in 9.7% (3 out of 31) of the specimens.
  • All identified accessory nerves originated from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus proximal to the thoracodorsal nerve, classifying them as accessory upper subscapular nerves.
  • No accessory lower subscapular nerves were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Accessory subscapular nerves are relatively common anatomical variations.
  • These variations must be considered in surgical interventions, nerve blocks, and diagnostic imaging procedures involving the shoulder and brachial plexus.