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Related Concept Videos

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

414
Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
414
Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

2.9K
Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...
2.9K
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

174
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
174
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

240
Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
240
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

117
Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
117
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

283
The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
283

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery
08:17

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Published on: February 20, 2017

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[A heart murmur - a frequent incidental finding].

Simon M Frey1, Michael J Zellweger1

  • 1Klinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsspital Basel.

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|October 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Heart murmurs are common in children and adults, originating from normal or abnormal heart conditions. Differentiating between innocent and organic murmurs relies on clinical evaluation and sometimes echocardiography.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pediatric Cardiology

Background:

  • Heart murmurs are frequently detected in up to 80% of school-aged children and 52% of adults.
  • Murmurs arise from turbulent blood flow, either due to structural heart disease (organic) or in healthy hearts (innocent).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the characteristics and diagnostic approaches for differentiating innocent from organic heart murmurs.
  • To emphasize the role of clinical assessment in the initial evaluation of heart murmurs.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed patient history and physical examination are crucial for distinguishing murmur types.
  • Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is utilized when cardiac disease is suspected based on clinical findings.

Main Results:

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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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  • Innocent murmurs are typically mid-systolic, grade 1-2/6, crescendo-decrescendo, position-dependent, and without radiation in asymptomatic individuals.
  • Diastolic and continuous murmurs are generally indicative of pathology and require further investigation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Clinical evaluation remains essential for initial heart murmur assessment and triage, despite advances in echocardiography.
    • Transthoracic echocardiography is indicated for murmurs with concerning features or clinical signs of cardiac disease.