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Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair
Published on: January 24, 2014
Hair cortisol concentration in anxiety disorders: exploration of relationships with symptom severity and inflammatory
Hesham Y Elnazer1,2, Laurie C K Lau2, Hugo Amaro3
1Department of Liaison Psychiatry, St Richard's Hospital, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chichester, UK.
Background:
Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) can be used to periodically assess hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, and appears correlated with prolonged exposure to stress.
Methods:
Serial assessment (at Baseline, Week 6 and Week 12) of participants (n = 35) with anxiety disorders by psychopathological rating scales, with assays of HCC and levels of peripheral anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients underwent antidepressant treatment for an initial 6 weeks, followed by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib) augmentation or 'treatment as usual' for a further 6 weeks.
Results:
At Baseline (n = 35), HCC was elevated in patients with single-episode but not recurrent-episode anxiety disorders, mean IL-12p70 levels were low, and mean TNF-α levels were elevated. Following 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment (n = 33), mean HCC was within the normal range but mean IL-2 level was low. Celecoxib augmentation (n = 18) was associated with a reduction in anxiety symptoms and normalisation of mean IL-2 levels.
Limitations:
Small sample size. Not all participants were assessed at all time points.
Conclusion:
Serial assessment of HCC is practicable in patients with anxiety disorders. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation in larger samples.
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