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    We measured the nonlinear refractive index of materials like water in the terahertz (THz) range. Results show THz nonlinearities are significantly higher than near-infrared values, especially for water.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear optics
    • Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Nonlinear optical properties are crucial for advanced material applications.
    • Understanding nonlinearities in the terahertz (THz) regime is essential for novel THz technologies.
    • Previous studies have limited data on THz nonlinearities for common materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally determine the spectrally averaged nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficient.
    • To investigate these properties for liquid water, water vapor, α-pinene, and silicon (Si).
    • To analyze these parameters in the terahertz (THz) regime using a full-phase approach.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a standard time-domain spectrometer for THz measurements.
    • Employed a full-phase analysis to accurately determine nonlinear optical properties.
    • Conducted experiments on liquid water, water vapor, α-pinene, and silicon.

    Main Results:

    • Nonlinear refractive index in the THz regime significantly exceeds near-infrared optical nonlinear indices by six orders of magnitude for liquid samples.
    • Measured nonlinear index for liquid water: 7.8×10⁻¹⁰ cm²/W.
    • Measured nonlinear index for water vapor: 6×10⁻¹¹ cm²/W, both higher than anticipated.

    Conclusions:

    • Terahertz nonlinear refractive indices are substantially larger than those in the near-infrared.
    • Liquid water and water vapor exhibit unexpectedly high nonlinear optical responses in the THz range.
    • These findings have implications for THz-based nonlinear optical applications and material characterization.