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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

29.6K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

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The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
11.7K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

8.7K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
8.7K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
12.1K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

13.7K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
13.7K

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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

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Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers.

Christoph Fricke1, Theresa Sperger1, Marvin Mendel1

  • 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dinuclear palladium(I) complexes offer stable and robust catalytic frameworks. These complexes enable unique C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations, expanding catalytic possibilities beyond traditional palladium(0)/palladium(II) systems.

Keywords:
catalysiscross-couplingdinuclear PdIpalladiumpre-catalyst

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Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles
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Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles
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Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Synthetic Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Dinuclear palladium(I) complexes are versatile catalysts for various transformations.
  • Early applications focused on their role as pre-catalysts for palladium(0) species in cross-coupling reactions.
  • Traditional palladium(I) dimers are often labile and oxygen-sensitive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in stable dinuclear palladium(I)-palladium(I) frameworks.
  • To highlight their unique reactivity and catalytic applications.
  • To discuss their mechanistic intricacies, speciation, and impact on reactivity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on dinuclear palladium(I) catalysis.
  • Analysis of mechanistic studies on palladium(I) complexes.
  • Discussion of reactivity profiles in C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations.

Main Results:

  • Development of stable, bench-stable, and robust dinuclear palladium(I) frameworks.
  • Demonstration of privileged reactivities through dinuclear catalysis.
  • Selective C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations with poly(pseudo)halogenated arenes.
  • Facilitation of arene couplings with weak nucleophiles, inaccessible to Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalysis.
  • Utilization as pre-catalysts for active Pd(0) and Pd(II)-H species.

Conclusions:

  • Stable dinuclear palladium(I) complexes offer significant advantages over traditional labile dimers.
  • These frameworks enable novel catalytic pathways and expand the scope of palladium catalysis.
  • Understanding mechanistic details is crucial for optimizing dinuclear palladium(I) catalysts.