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Bisphenol A in the Canadian environment: A multimedia analysis.

Sarah B Gewurtz1, Geneviève Tardif2, Monique Power2

  • 1Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.

The Science of the Total Environment
|October 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Government actions have successfully reduced Bisphenol A (BPA) environmental levels in Canada. Long-term surface water monitoring effectively tracks BPA trends, showing decreased concentrations overall.

Keywords:
BPACanadaResponse to regulatory actionSpatial patternsTemporal trendsWastewater discharge

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Environmental Monitoring

Background:

  • Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical recognized as an environmental concern.
  • Canada identified BPA as a risk to the environment and human health in 2010, prompting regulatory action.
  • A comprehensive multimedia analysis was needed to assess BPA's environmental status and trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate spatial and temporal trends of Bisphenol A (BPA) in the Canadian environment.
  • To identify mechanisms influencing BPA distribution patterns.
  • To assess the effectiveness of Canadian environmental protection actions regarding BPA.

Main Methods:

  • Multimedia analysis of BPA concentrations in wastewater, biosolids, landfill leachate, surface water, and sediment.
  • Monitoring of BPA in soil, earthworms, and European Starling plasma following biosolids application.
  • Statistical analysis of spatial and temporal trends from 2008 to 2018.

Main Results:

  • BPA was consistently detected in wastewater, biosolids, and landfill leachate across Canada.
  • Surface water BPA concentrations were higher downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban areas.
  • Biosolids application did not elevate BPA in agricultural soil, earthworms, or bird plasma.
  • Surface water BPA concentrations significantly decreased at 10 of 16 sites between 2008 and 2018.
  • BPA was detected in bird plasma near WWTPs and landfills, though trends were unclear.
  • Sediment core trends were variable, potentially due to tetrabromobisphenol A biotransformation.

Conclusions:

  • Canadian government actions have been largely successful in reducing BPA concentrations in the environment.
  • Surface water monitoring is the most effective medium for tracking future BPA environmental trends.
  • Human activities, particularly WWTPs and industrial sources, significantly influence BPA spatial distribution.