Transitions between phyllotactic lattice states in curved geometries

Phyllotaxis, the regular arrangement of leaves or other lateral organs in plants including pineapples, sunflowers and some cacti, has attracted scientific interest for centuries. More recently there has been interest in phyllotaxis within physical systems, especially for cylindrical geometry. In this letter, we expand from a cylindrical geometry and investigate transitions between phyllotactic states of soft vortex matter confined to a conical frustum. We show that the ground states of this system are consistent with previous results for cylindrical confinement and discuss the resulting defect structures at the transitions. We then eliminate these defects from the system by introducing a density gradient to create a configuration in a single state. The nature of the density gradient limits this approach to a small parameter range on the conical system. We therefore seek a new surface, the horn, for which a defect-free state can be maintained for a larger range of parameters.