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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

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Why and How Vaccines Work.

Akiko Iwasaki1, Saad B Omer2

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.

Cell
|October 16, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccines prevent millions of deaths from infectious diseases. This review highlights vaccine progress and challenges, particularly for COVID-19 vaccines.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and vaccinology
  • Microbiology and infectious diseases

Background:

  • Vaccines are critical public health tools, preventing millions of deaths globally.
  • Ongoing research addresses emerging infectious threats and vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of vaccine science.
  • To highlight advancements and persistent challenges in vaccine development.
  • To discuss the significance of vaccines, including for COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of vaccine research and development.
  • Analysis of historical and current vaccine successes.
  • Discussion of scientific hurdles and future directions.

Main Results:

  • Vaccines have dramatically reduced the burden of infectious diseases.
  • Significant progress has been made in developing vaccines for various pathogens.
  • Challenges remain in vaccine accessibility, efficacy against new strains, and public trust.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccine science continues to evolve, offering hope against infectious diseases.
  • Continued innovation and global collaboration are essential for future vaccine success.
  • The development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines represents a major scientific achievement.