Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

Published on: February 2, 2017

Acute Effects of Self-Selected Music Intervention on Golf Performance and Anxiety Level in Collegiate Golfers: A

Hung-Tsung Wang¹, Hsia-Ling Tai², Chia-Chen Yang¹

¹Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|October 17, 2020

Abstract:

Music has been reported as a positive intervention for improving psychophysiological conditions and exercise performance. However, the effects of music intervention on golf performance in association with psychophysiological responses have not been well examined in the literature. The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute effects of self-selected music intervention on golf swing and putting performance, heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and anxiety. Twenty collegiate golfers voluntarily participated in this study (age = 20.2 ± 1.4 years, height = 171.7 ± 8.0 cm, body weight = 69.5 ± 14.6 kg, golf experience = 7.5 ± 2.1 years). A cross-over and within-subject design was used in this study. Participants performed a non-music trial (T1), pre-exercise music trial (T2), and simultaneous music trial (T3) in a randomized order with 48-72 h apart. The participants were attached to a HR monitor to record the HR and HRV during the measurement. The golf swing and putting performance was assessed by using the Golfzon golf simulator system. The state-trait anxiety inventory-state questionnaire (STAI-S) was used to evaluate anxiety state. All measurements were taken during baseline (phase one) and after resting or music intervention (phase two). Repeated measurement of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Cohen's effect size (ES) were used for statistical analyses. The results show no significant differences in golf swing and putting performance (p > 0.05). However, significant decrease in STAI-S score was found in T2 (p = 0.047, ES = 0.32). A significant increase in the standard deviation of normal R-R interval (SDNN), low-frequency power spectrum (LF), standard deviation of along the line-of-identity (SD2) in T2 and T3 were observed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a single pre-exercise or simultaneous self-selected music intervention contributes minor effects to golf performance in collegiate golfers. The positive benefits of self-selected music intervention on the psychological condition and cardia-related modulation while practicing golf is warranted.

Keywords:

autonomic nervous system golf putting golf swing pre-exercise music psychology simultaneous music

More Related Videos

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Published on: March 27, 2019

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Published on: August 25, 2022

Related Concept Videos

Social Facilitation

Social Facilitation

Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.

Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques III

Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques III

Regular exercise and meditation serve as essential tools in managing stress and promoting physical and mental well-being.
The Role of Exercise in Stress Management
Regular physical activity is essential for reducing stress and promoting cardiovascular health. Exercise strengthens the heart, enhances blood flow, keeps blood vessels flexible, and helps lower blood pressure, all of which reduce the body's stress response. Research shows that adults who exercise regularly have nearly half the...

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Empowering Adherence Assessment: Translating and Validating the 15-STARS Questionnaire for Use in Taiwanese Community Pharmacies.

Patient preference and adherence·2026

Concurrent HIIT and Resistance Training for Musculoskeletal Function: A Systematic Review of Neuromuscular, Morphological, and Performance Adaptations.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Curve Sprint Ability as an Indicator of Neuromuscular Function and Physical Fitness in Youth Soccer Players: Comparative Insights from U14 and U16 Groups.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2025

Comparative Analysis of Functional Adaptations to Vivifrail Intervention Between Higher- and Lower-Fitness Healthy Older Adults.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Social Media Activities With Different Content Characteristics and Adolescent Mental Health: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Journal of medical Internet research·2025

Empowering Obese Children in Physical Education: Exploring the Influence of Verbal Encouragement on Games Intensity, Mood States, and Physical Enjoyment during Passing Games.

PloS one·2025

See all related articles