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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
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Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Actin Treadmilling01:18

Actin Treadmilling

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Actin filaments undergo polymerization and depolymerization from either end. The polymerization and depolymerization rates depend on the cytosolic concentration of free G-actins. The polymerization rate is generally higher at the plus or barbed end, while the depolymerization rate is higher at the minus or pointed end. At a steady state, critical concentration describes the concentration of free G-actin monomers at which the polymerization rate at the plus end is equal to that of the...
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Development of Potent and Cell Active 5-Azaindole-Based Tau Tubulin Kinase Inhibitors.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Collection, Expansion, and Differentiation of Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Models for Quantification of Cilia Beat Frequency
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Collection, Expansion, and Differentiation of Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Models for Quantification of Cilia Beat Frequency

Published on: November 10, 2021

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A play on cilia beating.

Lukas Cajanek1

  • 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic cajanek@med.muni.cz.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|October 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered how adenylate cyclase 6 (AC6) and kinesin Kif19a regulate motile cilia length through autophagy. This finding offers new insights into cilia biology and potential treatments for ciliopathies.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Motile cilia are crucial for human physiology, particularly in clearing the respiratory tract.
  • Mechanisms controlling cilia growth, maintenance, and function are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate novel regulatory mechanisms governing motile cilia length.
  • To identify key molecular players involved in cilia growth control.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the role of adenylate cyclase 6 (AC6) in cilia signaling.
  • Examined the interplay between AC6, autophagy, and kinesin Kif19a in regulating cilia length.

Main Results:

  • Identified a novel link between AC6 and autophagy-mediated regulation of motile cilia length.

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Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia
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Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

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Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo
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Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Collection, Expansion, and Differentiation of Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Models for Quantification of Cilia Beat Frequency
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Collection, Expansion, and Differentiation of Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Models for Quantification of Cilia Beat Frequency

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Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia
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Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo
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  • Demonstrated the involvement of kinesin Kif19a as a regulator of cilia length in this pathway.

    • Conclusions:

    • The study reveals a new pathway controlling motile cilia length involving AC6, autophagy, and Kif19a.
    • These findings enhance understanding of motile cilia biology and suggest potential therapeutic targets for ciliopathies.