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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

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Functional Long Non-coding RNAs Evolve from Junk Transcripts.

Alexander F Palazzo1, Eugene V Koonin2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.

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|October 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most RNA transcripts produced by complex genomes are non-functional "junk." However, this junk RNA serves as essential raw material for the evolution of novel long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) through non-adaptive processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Complex genomes, like those in mammals, exhibit extensive transcription.
  • A prevailing view suggests most RNA transcripts have functional roles.
  • However, genome-wide analyses challenge this notion, identifying most transcripts as non-functional.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of non-functional RNA transcripts in genome evolution.
  • To explore the origins of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • To understand the evolutionary mechanisms driving functional innovation in eukaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analysis of selective constraints on RNA transcripts.
  • Examination of non-adaptive evolutionary mechanisms.
  • Comparative genomics of transcriptomes.

Main Results:

  • The majority of RNA transcripts produced by complex genomes lack selective constraints, indicating they are non-functional ('junk' RNA).
  • These 'junk' transcripts are crucial precursors for the evolution of diverse long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • The emergence of novel functional RNAs, including lncRNAs, is primarily driven by non-adaptive processes like constructive neutral evolution, not strong positive selection.

Conclusions:

  • Non-functional RNA ('junk' RNA) plays a vital role in evolutionary innovation.
  • The evolution of lncRNAs and organismal complexity is facilitated by non-adaptive mechanisms under weak selection.
  • Functional innovation can arise with minimal adaptive change in multicellular eukaryotes.