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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of various muscles. The configuration of these fascicles can vary, leading to different functional outcomes.
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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair
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The subscapularis tendon: A proposed classification system.

Nicol Zielinska1, R Shane Tubbs2, Michał Podgórski3

  • 1Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : Official Organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft
|October 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The subscapularis muscle (SM) exhibits significant morphological variability, contrary to initial hypotheses. Understanding these variations in tendon number and insertion is crucial for anatomical and clinical applications.

Keywords:
Accessory subscapularis muscleAnatomical studyCadaveric studyNew classificationOntogenesisPhylogenesisSubscapularis muscle

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Morphology
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • The subscapularis muscle originates from the scapula and inserts into the humerus.
  • Initial hypotheses suggested limited morphological variation in the subscapularis muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate and classify the morphological variability of the subscapularis muscle.
  • To investigate variations in the number and insertion of subscapularis muscle tendons.

Main Methods:

  • Classical anatomical dissection of 64 upper limbs (44 female, 20 male).
  • Assessment of subscapularis muscle tendon number, insertion type, and morphometric measurements.
  • Study population comprised adults of Central European origin, aged 48-95 years.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct morphological types of the subscapularis muscle were identified based on tendon number.
  • Type I (single tendon) was most common (43.7%).
  • Type IV (multiband) was the second most common (39.1%), with five subtypes; Types II (double tendon, 9.4%) and III (triple tendon, 7.8%) were less frequent.

Conclusions:

  • The subscapularis muscle displays considerable morphological variability.
  • Detailed knowledge of subscapularis muscle variations is essential for anatomists and clinicians, including orthopedists and physiotherapists.