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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions03:03

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

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Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
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Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal, such as sodium,...
10.2K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

25.1K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

3.9K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
3.9K
Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis01:21

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

1.6K
The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...
1.6K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

29.3K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
29.3K

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Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles
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Zero-valent palladium dissolution using NaCl/CuCl2 solutions.

Marica Muscetta1, Nicola Minichino1, Raffaele Marotta1

  • 1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei materiali e della produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|October 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Recovering precious metals like palladium from waste is crucial. This study presents a safer, milder leaching method using chloride solutions with cupric ions, demonstrating effective palladium recovery under controlled conditions.

Keywords:
Cupric chlorideLeachingPalladium dissolutionPalladium recoveryZero-Valent palladium

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Precious metals like palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), and platinum (Pt) are vital in catalytic converters, fuel cells, and electronics.
  • Increasing demand and limited resources create market pressure, highlighting the need for efficient metal recovery from waste streams.
  • Traditional leaching methods for palladium recovery often involve harsh conditions (strong oxidizers, acids, high temperatures), posing environmental and safety concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a safer, more environmentally friendly leaching process for recovering palladium nanoparticles from waste.
  • To investigate the influence of key parameters such as temperature, pH, and ion concentrations on the leaching efficiency.
  • To analyze the leaching kinetics using a shrinking spherical particles model.

Main Methods:

  • Leaching of zero-valent palladium nanoparticles using chloride solutions containing cupric ions (NaCl/CuCl2) under mild acidic conditions.
  • Systematic variation of temperature (288-333 K), pH (around 5.0), and concentrations of chloride and cupric ions.
  • Analysis of experimental data using a shrinking spherical particles model to determine the rate-controlling step.

Main Results:

  • Effective palladium leaching was achieved under mild conditions (pH 5.0, temperatures between 288 K and 333 K).
  • The process demonstrated improved safety and environmental acceptability compared to traditional high-temperature and strong-oxidizer methods.
  • Kinetic analysis indicated that the leaching process is under kinetic control, as described by a shrinking spherical particles model.

Conclusions:

  • The developed leaching method using NaCl/CuCl2 offers a safer and more sustainable alternative for palladium recovery.
  • Optimized conditions (pH 5.0, 288-333 K) facilitate efficient palladium extraction from nanoparticle waste.
  • Understanding the kinetic control provides insights for further process optimization and scale-up.