The diagnosis and management of common childhood orthopedic disorders: An update

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Orthopaedics
• Musculoskeletal Physical Examination

Background:

• Musculoskeletal conditions are a common reason for primary and urgent care visits.
• There is a notable gap in pediatric orthopaedics training during medical education and residency.
• This deficiency impacts the ability to manage pediatric musculoskeletal issues effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present a systematic method for performing a pediatric musculoskeletal physical exam.
• To aid clinicians in differentiating normal developmental findings from pathological conditions.
• To guide decisions regarding observation, further workup, or referral to pediatric orthopaedics specialists.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of pediatric musculoskeletal examination techniques.
• Clinical guidelines for differentiating normal development from concerning signs.
• Algorithmic approach to decision-making for pediatric musculoskeletal complaints.

Main Results:

• Established a structured approach to the pediatric musculoskeletal physical exam.
• Provided criteria for identifying normal variants versus conditions requiring intervention.
• Outlined a clear pathway for referral to pediatric orthopaedics.

Conclusions:

• A systematic approach enhances the recognition of pediatric musculoskeletal conditions.
• Improved training and standardized exams are needed in pediatric orthopaedics.
• Early identification and appropriate referral are key to optimal patient outcomes.