Partial cycle operation of latent heat storage with finned tubes

This work examines a high temperature latent heat storage system, which could find use in future concentrated solar power and other combined heat and power plants. In contrast to lab-based fully charged or totally discharged states, partial load states will be the principal operation states in real-world applications. Hence, a closer look on the partial load states and the effective power rates are worthwhile for a successful implementation of this storage type. A vertical finned shell and tube heat exchanger pipe with a combination of transversal and longitudinal fins is applied. Sodium nitrate with a melting temperature of 306  $°\text{C}$ is used as phase change material and thermal oil serves as heat transfer fluid. Temperatures in the storage and the heat transfer fluid as well as the mass flow are measured for data analysis. The state of charge formulation is based on an enthalpy distribution function, where the latent heat of fusion is spread over a specific temperature range. The data show consistently high power rates for all partial load cycles at any state of charge. The mean power rate for charging is 6.78 kW with an 95.45 % confidence interval of $\pm$ 1.14 kW for all cycles. The discharging power rate is -5.72 kW with a 95.45 % confidence interval of $\pm$ 1.36 kW for all cycles. The lowest power rate is measured for the full cycle at the end of charging/discharging. It is caused by a narrow volume, which is not penetrated by fins, near the perimeter of the cylindrical heat exchanger. The state of charge formulation correlates with the storage capacity and enables state of charge based cycling. With the energy balance of the storage, the data validity is proven and further storage parameters are determined. The energy density is as high as 110 kW h m^-3 and a power rate of 2.28 kW m^-1 for the finned tube is confirmed. These values are highly promising for further development and application of latent heat storage systems.