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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

47.6K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

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Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo
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The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

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A Systematic Framework for Olfactory Bulb Signal Transformations.

Thomas A Cleland1, Ayon Borthakur2

  • 1Computational Physiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience
|October 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents an integrated theory of olfactory system operation, proposing that early olfactory bulb processing enables odor category learning. This mechanism is crucial for recognizing target odors amid background interference.

Keywords:
category learningcomputational modelinglearning in the wildneuromorphicolfactionperceptual learningplasticityspike synchronization

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Biology

Background:

  • Olfactory signal processing involves multiple stages.
  • Understanding early olfactory encoding is vital for deciphering system mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an integrated theory of olfactory system operation.
  • To explain how early olfactory processing enables odor recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical integration of experimental findings across scales, stages, and analytical methods.
  • Focus on signal conditioning in the nasal epithelium and glomerular-layer circuitry.
  • Analysis of the olfactory bulb's external plexiform layer.

Main Results:

  • The olfactory bulb's external plexiform layer facilitates category learning.
  • This process extracts discrete odor representations from continuous olfactory input.
  • Early categorization resolves the challenge of odor recognition with background interference.

Conclusions:

  • An integrated, multiscale theory is essential for understanding olfactory systems.
  • Early categorization in the olfactory bulb is fundamental for odor perception.
  • Combining engineered approaches with biological interrogation advances olfactory system research.