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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

3D Magnetic Stem Cell Aggregation and Bioreactor Maturation for Cartilage Regeneration
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Magneto-Driven Gradients of Diamagnetic Objects for Engineering Complex Tissues.

Hannah M Zlotnick1,2,3, Andy T Clark4, Sarah E Gullbrand2,3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|October 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel magnetic method to precisely arrange cells and microparticles in 3D hydrogels, enabling the creation of complex engineered tissues with native-like gradients.

Keywords:
cell patterninggradientshydrogelsmagnetic fieldstissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Engineering complex tissues requires recapitulating native-like cell and biofactor gradients within 3D materials.
  • Current strategies struggle to easily mimic these essential gradients for functional engineered tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, non-traditional magnetic approach for predictable patterning of diamagnetic objects within 3D hydrogels.
  • To demonstrate the ability to create depth-dependent cellularity in engineered tissues, mimicking native tissue structures.

Main Methods:

  • Enhanced the magnetic susceptibility of the hydrogel precursor solution to position naturally diamagnetic objects (cells, microcapsules).
  • Utilized a brief magnetic field exposure for object patterning, followed by photo-crosslinking to maintain positions.
  • Verified long-term construct viability as the magnetic contrast agent diffused out post-crosslinking.

Main Results:

  • Successfully patterned diamagnetic objects, including living cells, within 3D hydrogels using magnetic susceptibility manipulation.
  • Engineered cartilage constructs exhibiting depth-dependent cellularity comparable to native tissue.
  • Demonstrated the magneto-patterning of magnetically unaltered cells for culturing heterogeneous tissues.

Conclusions:

  • This magnetic approach offers a new method for creating precise gradients in 3D materials, essential for tissue engineering.
  • Provides a foundation for generating opposing magnetic-susceptibility-based gradients within a single material.
  • Paves the way for advanced engineered tissues with controlled cellular heterogeneity and functionality.