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Related Concept Videos

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Compounded bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy - a physician perspective.

C A Stuenkel1

  • 1University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|October 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT) use surged after the Women's Health Initiative trial. A National Academies review found cBHT lacks consistent regulation and study, recommending approved therapies over compounded options.

Keywords:
Compoundedbioidenticalhormone therapymenopauserisks and benefits

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • The 2002 Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial results significantly impacted menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use.
  • This led to a decline in regulatory-approved MHT and a rise in compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT).
  • cBHT was promoted by compounding pharmacies, often with variable regulation, limited study, and inconsistent labeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and rise of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT).
  • To examine the regulatory landscape and scientific evidence supporting cBHT.
  • To evaluate the findings and recommendations from the US National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine regarding cBHT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical data on menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial.
  • Analysis of the growth and promotion of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT).
  • Examination of the 2020 US National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report on cBHT.

Main Results:

  • The WHI trial results prompted a significant shift from approved MHT to cBHT.
  • Compounded hormones (cBHT) have been characterized by variable regulation, insufficient study, and inconsistent labeling.
  • The National Academies' 2020 report provided an evidence-based summary of cBHT's clinical utility, safety, and efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • The National Academies' conclusions align with scientific evidence regarding cBHT.
  • Recommendations support the use of approved therapies over inconsistently regulated compounded options.
  • Findings are consistent with global menopause society guidelines.