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Dietary patterns, cognitive function, and structural neuroimaging measures of brain aging.

Janie Corley1, Simon R Cox2, Adele M Taylor1

  • 1Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK.

Experimental Gerontology
|October 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A Mediterranean-style diet is linked to better cognitive function in older adults, specifically verbal ability. However, this dietary pattern did not show associations with brain structure or integrity in the study.

Keywords:
Cognitive functionDietary patternsMediterranean dietNeuroimagingOlder adults

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Nutritional Science
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cognitive decline is a significant concern in aging populations.
  • Dietary patterns play a crucial role in maintaining brain health.
  • Understanding the link between diet and cognition in older adults is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between dietary patterns and cognitive function in healthy older adults.
  • To explore the relationship between diet and neuroimaging indices of brain health.
  • To concurrently assess cognitive and brain health in relation to diet within the same sample.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 511 healthy older adults (mean age 79.3 years) from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 participated.
  • Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis of a 130-item food frequency questionnaire.
  • Cognitive function was assessed using composite scores, and brain health (volumes, white matter microstructure) was evaluated via magnetic resonance imaging in a subset (n=358).

Main Results:

  • A Mediterranean-style dietary pattern was associated with better verbal ability (P=0.002).
  • Associations with global cognitive function, visuospatial ability, and memory were not significant after multiple comparison correction.
  • A processed dietary pattern showed an association with lower verbal ability (P=0.001), attenuated by childhood cognitive ability.
  • Neither dietary pattern correlated with brain volumes or white matter microstructure.
  • Specific components of the Mediterranean diet, like green leafy vegetables and low red meat intake, were linked to better cognitive function.

Conclusions:

  • Adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet is associated with enhanced cognitive functioning in older adults.
  • The study did not find evidence that this dietary pattern improves brain structural integrity.
  • Observational data suggest diet is a modifiable factor for cognitive health in aging.