Circulatory MIC-1 as a Determinant of Prostate Cancer Racial Disparity

In this study, we investigated the potential of MIC-1 (macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1) on the severity of prostate cancer between African American men and Caucasians. Differences between the races were examined using Mann-Whitney tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to identify associations between continuous measures across all samples and within each race. Analysis of variance, including clinical parameters, was used to identify differences in serum and urine MIC-1 levels between races. We found significant differences between the two races for age (p = 0.01), Gleason scores (p = 0.01), and stage of disease (p = 0.03). African American men in the study had higher Gleason scores (mean = 6.9) than Caucasians (mean = 6.5), during earlier stages of the disease. In Caucasian men with prostate cancer, serum MIC-1 expression was positively associated with age (r = 0.7, p < 0.01). However, African American men had highly expressed MIC-1 and high Gleason scores (r = 0.16, p = 0.3). Interestingly, the urine MIC-1 level was significantly higher in African American men with prostate cancer than in Caucasian patients. It appeared to be more sensitive and specific for African Americans (AUC = 0.85 vs. 0.56). Thus, high circulatory MIC-1 in prostate cancer patients may indicate MIC-1 as a potential biomarker to improve the diagnostic ability of an aggressive stage of prostate cancer in African American men. However, a larger cohort of sample analysis is required to validate these observations.