Utilization of straw-based phenolic acids as a biofugicide for a green agricultural production

Phenolic compounds inhibit phytopathogenic fungal infections effectively. In this study, the antifungal effects of rice straw-derived phenolic acids (PAs) against Fusarium oxysporum were investigated. PAs can inhibit hyphal growth and spore germination, and p-coumaric acid (CA) is the main antifungal substance in PAs. PAs could induce the formation of hydrogen peroxide and increase the relative conductivity and extracellular K⁺ concentration. Observations using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed that PAs could damage membrane permeability, which caused cytoplasm leakage. This phenomenon was verified by conductivity and the release of extracellular K⁺. The chlorophyll fluorescence maps of tomato leaves suggested that F. oxysporum damaged the tomato' photosynthetic system and that PAs reduced the area infected, thereby alleviating the damage. Moreover, PAs could decrease the disease incidence of tomato fruit. The results confirmed the feasibility of using PAs as a biofungicide and provide a way to increase the value of rice straw.