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Related Concept Videos

Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

44.3K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
44.3K
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

2.3K
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
2.3K
Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

1.1K
Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
The equilibrium constant of the complexation reaction is represented as the formation constant...
1.1K
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

912
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
912
Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor03:08

Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor

35.9K
Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one...
35.9K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

29.3K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
29.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
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Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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Transition-State Expansion: A Quantitative Model for Counterion Effects in Ionic Reactions.

Junbin Han1, Zhichao Lu1, Gerald B Hammond1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.

Iscience
|October 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Counterions significantly impact ionic reaction kinetics in low-dielectric solvents. A new transition-state expansion (TSE) model quantitatively explains how counterion size influences reaction rates and transition-state structures.

Keywords:
Chemical Reaction KineticsOrganic ReactionOrganic Synthesis

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Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
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Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Ionic reactions are fundamental in chemical synthesis.
  • In low dielectric solvents, ions form ion pairs, making counterions crucial.
  • The quantitative effect of counterions on reaction kinetics remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a general and quantitative model for counterion effects in ionic reactions.
  • To elucidate the relationship between counterion size, transition-state structure, and reaction kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of the transition-state expansion (TSE) model.
  • Application of the TSE model to analyze counterion effects in specific reaction types.

Main Results:

  • The TSE model provides a quantitative description of counterion influence.
  • Demonstrated rationalization of counterion effects in nucleophilic substitutions.
  • Showcased applicability to gold-catalyzed enyne cycloisomerizations.

Conclusions:

  • The TSE model offers a powerful tool for understanding and predicting counterion effects.
  • This work advances the quantitative description of ionic reaction mechanisms.
  • Provides insights applicable to various synthetic transformations.