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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Opportunities for Characterizing Geological Flows Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Einat Lev1, Christopher M Boyce2

  • 1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.

Iscience
|October 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers non-invasive, in situ 3D flow measurements for geosciences. This technique can reveal internal dynamics of geological flows, improving scientific understanding and model development.

Keywords:
Chemical EngineeringEarth SciencesEngineeringMethods in Earth SciencesPhysics

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Earth Sciences
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Geological flows, such as mudslides and volcanic eruptions, are complex multiphase phenomena.
  • Current imaging methods for laboratory experiments are limited to external observation or ex situ measurements.
  • Internal phase transitions and chemical reactions within these flows are difficult to study, hindering mechanistic understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a powerful tool for geosciences.
  • To demonstrate the potential of MRI for non-invasive, in situ 3D measurements of scaled geological flows.
  • To highlight how MRI can overcome limitations of current imaging techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive, in situ characterization of multiphase flows.
  • Applying MRI to scaled laboratory experiments of geological flows.
  • Distinguishing between different chemical species and phases (gas, liquid, solid) within the flow.

Main Results:

  • MRI enables quantitative measurement of concentration, velocity, and diffusion fields within flows.
  • The technique provides detailed insights into the internal dynamics of complex geological flows.
  • Potential for transferring MRI technique development from geological samples to other scientific disciplines.

Conclusions:

  • MRI significantly enhances geoscientific research by enabling detailed internal flow dynamics.
  • This non-invasive method overcomes limitations of traditional external imaging techniques.
  • The application of MRI in geosciences promises advancements in understanding and modeling geological processes.