A Glucose-Triptolide Conjugate Selectively Targets Cancer Cells under Hypoxia

A major hurdle in the treatment of cancer is chemoresistance induced under hypoxia that is characteristic of tumor microenvironment. Triptolide, a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic transcription, possesses potent antitumor activity. However, its clinical potential has been limited by toxicity and water solubility. To address those limitations of triptolide, we designed and synthesized glucose-triptolide conjugates (glutriptolides) and demonstrated their antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we identified a lead, glutriptolide-2 with an altered linker structure. Glutriptolide-2 possessed improved stability in human serum, greater selectivity toward cancer over normal cells, and increased potency against cancer cells. Glutriptolide-2 exhibits sustained antitumor activity, prolonging survival in a prostate cancer metastasis animal model. Importantly, we found that glutriptolide-2 was more potent against cancer cells under hypoxia than normoxia. Together, this work provides an attractive glutriptolide drug lead and suggests a viable strategy to overcome chemoresistance through conjugation of cytotoxic agents to glucose.