Structurally distinct endocytic pathways for B cell receptors in B lymphocytes

B lymphocytes play a critical role in adaptive immunity. On antigen binding, B cell receptors (BCR) cluster on the plasma membrane and are internalized by endocytosis. In this process, B cells capture diverse antigens in various contexts and concentrations. However, it is unclear whether the mechanism of BCR endocytosis changes in response to these factors. Here, we studied the mechanism of soluble antigen-induced BCR clustering and internalization in a cultured human B cell line using correlative superresolution fluorescence and platinum replica electron microscopy. First, by visualizing nanoscale BCR clusters, we provide direct evidence that BCR cluster size increases with F(ab')2 concentration. Next, we show that the physical mechanism of internalization switches in response to BCR cluster size. At low concentrations of antigen, B cells internalize small BCR clusters by classical clathrin-mediated endocytosis. At high antigen concentrations, when cluster size increases beyond the size of a single clathrin-coated pit, B cells retrieve receptor clusters using large invaginations of the plasma membrane capped with clathrin. At these sites, we observed early and sustained recruitment of actin and an actin polymerizing protein FCHSD2. We further show that actin recruitment is required for the efficient generation of these novel endocytic carriers and for their capture into the cytosol. We propose that in B cells, the mechanism of endocytosis switches to accommodate large receptor clusters formed when cells encounter high concentrations of soluble antigen. This mechanism is regulated by the organization and dynamics of the cortical actin cytoskeleton.