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The stress-immunity axis in shellfish.

Christopher J Coates1, Kenneth Söderhäll2

  • 1Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.

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|October 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Determining shellfish health is complex, as visible defects aren't always apparent. Environmental stressors, including pollution and temperature changes, compromise shellfish immunity, increasing disease susceptibility and mortality risks.

Keywords:
Disease connectivityHaemolymph biomarkersImmunocompetenceImmunosuppressionInnate immunityMicroplasticsNeuroendocrinology

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Area of Science:

  • Aquatic immunology
  • Environmental toxicology
  • Invertebrate health

Background:

  • Assessing shellfish health is challenging; visible defects do not always indicate stress or disease.
  • Aquatic invertebrates face increasing environmental perturbations like heatwaves, contaminants, and expanding pathogens.
  • Stress significantly impacts shellfish immunity, influencing disease susceptibility and overall health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore methods for determining stress levels in shellfish in natural and cultured environments.
  • To investigate how various stressors modulate shellfish immune functions.
  • To understand the link between stress, neuroendocrinology, immunotoxicology, and disease risk in shellfish.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on shellfish immune functions and biomarkers.
  • Analysis of biochemical and cellular markers in shellfish haemolymph (e.g., haemocyte counts, enzyme activities).
  • Discussion of neuroendocrine and immunotoxicological aspects of stress in invertebrates.

Main Results:

  • Chronic stress, individually or combined with other factors, elevates infectious disease risk and morbidity in shellfish.
  • Acute stress can cause transient immunomodulation.
  • Stressed shellfish serve as indicators of degraded ecosystem conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding shellfish immunity is crucial for mitigating losses in aquaculture and wild populations.
  • Chronic stress is a primary driver of increased disease susceptibility and reduced recovery in shellfish.
  • Further research into stress-related immune responses is needed to improve shellfish health management.