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Differentiating cancer types using a urine test for volatile organic compounds.

Ayman S Bannaga1,2, Frank Kvasnik3, Krishna Persaud4

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine show promise for non-invasively detecting liver, prostate, and bladder cancers. This method, using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), could offer a new diagnostic approach for these common cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Oncology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are metabolic byproducts excreted in body fluids.
  • Cancerous tissues produce distinct VOC profiles.
  • Non-invasive cancer detection methods are highly sought after.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of urinary VOCs as non-invasive biomarkers for liver, prostate, and bladder cancers.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of VOC analysis using solid-phase microextraction (SPME).

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 140 participants, including 31 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 62 prostate, 29 bladder cancer cases, and 18 controls.
  • Collected and analyzed urinary VOCs using the SPME technique.
  • Calculated sensitivity and confidence intervals for cancer detection.

Main Results:

  • Urinary VOC analysis demonstrated significant sensitivity in detecting HCC (68-83%), prostate cancer (70%), and bladder cancer (81%).
  • SPME-VOC analysis successfully differentiated cancer cases from controls.
  • Detection sensitivity for HCC improved when combined with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels.

Conclusions:

  • Urinary VOCs are cancer-specific biomarkers.
  • SPME-based VOC analysis is a promising non-invasive method for cancer diagnostics.
  • This approach could lead to earlier and more accessible cancer screening.