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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

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The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
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Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body01:31

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

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Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various  biological processes .
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are required in minimal quantities, but their deficiencies can lead to severely abnormal physiological conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry skin,...
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Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

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In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 4, 2025

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

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Updating Phospholipase A2 Biology.

Makoto Murakami1, Hiroyasu Sato1, Yoshitaka Taketomi1

  • 1Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.

Biomolecules
|October 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, comprising over 50 mammalian enzymes, is crucial for lipid metabolism and various biological events. This review details PLA2 enzyme classification, functions, and their roles in health and disease.

Keywords:
fatty acidknockout mouselipid mediatorlipidomicslysophospholipidmembranephospholipase A2phospholipid

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Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes
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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes
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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily includes over 50 mammalian enzymes.
  • These enzymes are classified based on structural and biochemical properties.
  • While primarily known for hydrolyzing glycerophospholipids, some PLA2s catalyze other reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of the PLA2 superfamily.
  • To detail the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of PLA2 enzymes.
  • To highlight novel in vivo roles of PLA2s.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on PLA2 enzymes.
  • Analysis of structural and biochemical data for enzyme classification.
  • Synthesis of information on biological functions and disease associations.

Main Results:

  • The PLA2 superfamily is diverse, with enzymes exhibiting varied catalytic activities.
  • PLA2 enzymes are essential for lipid mediator production, membrane remodeling, and barrier functions.
  • Dysregulation of PLA2-mediated lipid metabolism is linked to various diseases.

Conclusions:

  • PLA2 enzymes are critical regulators of lipid metabolism with diverse biological roles.
  • Understanding PLA2 superfamily functions is vital for comprehending numerous physiological and pathological processes.
  • Further research into novel in vivo roles of PLA2s is warranted.