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Related Concept Videos

Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

23.4K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
23.4K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.3K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
4.3K
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

23.4K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
23.4K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.3K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
6.3K
Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

355
The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
355
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.6K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
3.6K

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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N4Mg6M (M = Li, Na, K) superalkalis for CO2 activation.

Celina Sikorska1, Nicola Gaston1

  • 1The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|October 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

New N4Mg6M superalkalis offer selective CO2 reduction. These stable superatoms form ionic compounds with CO2, not N2, paving the way for CO2 conversion into fuels.

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Last Updated: Dec 4, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Superatoms exhibit unique properties like tunable functionality and redox activity.
  • Cluster-assembled solids offer atomic precision and robust architectures.
  • Adamantane-like clusters serve as promising building blocks for novel materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and investigate a new class of superalkalis: N4Mg6M (M = Li, Na, K).
  • To explore the electronic properties and reactivity of these superalkalis.
  • To assess their potential for CO2 activation and reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
  • Analysis of adiabatic ionization energies and molecular orbital characteristics.
  • Investigation of interactions with superhalogens, CO2, and N2.

Main Results:

  • N4Mg6M superalkalis exhibit low ionization energies and delocalized HOMO.
  • Stable ionic compounds are formed with superhalogens: [N4Mg6M]+[superhalogen]-.
  • Strong interaction with CO2 forms N4Mg6M+/CO2- ionic fragments.
  • Selective binding to CO2 over N2, forming [N4Mg6M][N2] weakly bound complex.

Conclusions:

  • N4Mg6M superalkalis demonstrate high selectivity for CO2 reduction.
  • These superalkalis are stable and suitable for CO2 activation.
  • The findings contribute to understanding CO2 conversion for fuel production.
  • Designing novel superatomic systems can lead to advanced functional materials.