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Color standardization and optimization in whole slide imaging.

Takashi Inoue1,2, Yukako Yagi1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Clinical and Diagnostic Pathology
|October 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Color variation in whole slide imaging (WSI) hinders clinical AI implementation. Addressing specimen, staining, scanner, viewer, and display factors is crucial for standardizing digital pathology colors.

Keywords:
artificial intelligencecolor calibration slidecolor standardizationwhole slide image

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Pathology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Computational Pathology

Background:

  • Whole slide imaging (WSI) is increasingly used in clinical settings for diagnostics and AI development.
  • Implementation challenges exist, particularly concerning color standardization, which is vital for digital pathology.
  • Artificial intelligence in pathological diagnosis relies heavily on consistent image quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major factors contributing to color variation in WSI.
  • To discuss methods for evaluating and modifying color variation.
  • To establish a framework for color standardization in WSI.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of factors affecting WSI color.
  • Analysis of color variation sources: specimen thickness, staining, scanner, viewer, and display.
  • Discussion of evaluation and modification techniques for color standardization.

Main Results:

  • Identified five primary sources of color variation in WSI.
  • Highlighted the difficulty in verifying accurate color display at the viewer's end.
  • Emphasized that recognizing color non-standardization is the initial step toward achieving it.

Conclusions:

  • Standardizing WSI color is essential for reliable AI-driven pathological diagnosis.
  • Addressing the five identified factors is key to mitigating color variation.
  • Further research and development are needed to ensure consistent and accurate color representation in digital pathology.